The French and Spanish protectorate in Morocco
Morocco is the only country in the Maghreb (and the Arab-Muslim world) to have been occupied by two foreign powers during the colonial period: France and Spain. Even if the occupation was not so long (44 years) than for Tunisia (75) and Algeria (132 years), the story seems equally loaded. For example, throughout the colonial Maghreb, it was only in Morocco took place a war between the colonial power and the colonized countries (Rif War, 1921-1926). Although it was not until the popular protests against the Berber Dahir in 1930 to a genuine political and intellectual resistance structure. Figures of Moroccan nationalism of the time will be key figures in the newly independent Morocco. Of course, so many facts deserve studies apart from each other, but it will be here for a quick overview, a summary of the facts.
The Treaty of French Protectorate signed in Fez March 30, 1912, was based in fact on Article 8 of the Franco-British declaration of 8 April 1904 (Entente Cordiale), which states in part a logical dialogue between France and Spain (which has not yet formalized its protectorate over areas of influence that are already assigned to it). Regions within these areas of influence (in the north of the mouth of the Moulouya the Mediterranean that Loukkos the Atlantic, except for the enclave reserved for future territory of the Tangier area - in south of the lower reaches of the Rio Dra colony de Oro), should remain officially under the Treaty of the Protectorate (this is of course an illusion) under the civil and religious authority of the Sultan, and would be "administered under the control of a Khalifa provided a general and permanent delegation of the Sultan, under which it will exercise all the powers belonging to it "
The treaty signed, it was necessary to settle solidly in the country. This task will be assigned to the first French Resident General of Morocco, Hubert Lyautey. The future Minister of War and Marshal of France will seek to make alliances with the big shots and heads of tribes and confederations. If he succeeds in Marrakech where the Pasha Glaoui leads the submission of the region on behalf of the colonial power, many other regions do not agree to be bound. Regions which are then conquered by force throughout 1914 including (Middle Atlas, Anti-Atlas). Each of the two colonial powers had led his military wars of conquest in the territory under the Franco-Spanish Treaty of November 1912, under which they have shared territorial areas of influence in the north and south of the Empire Cherifian . If the Treaty of Spanish Protectorate in Morocco is signed on 27 November 1912, not this year which marks the beginning of true Spanish penetration in the country. This is as follows. It was not until February 1913, in fact, that the Spaniards settled in Tetuan their first High Commissioner, General Alfau, and they do appoint as Khalifa, by Sultan Moulay Youssef, his own brother, Moulay El Mehdi. Military installation is more delicate. For the powerful Caid el Raissouli, holding the triangle Larache-Ksar El-Xaouen gives the impression of being very versatile, sometimes allying sometimes opposing. In the years following the First World War Spain will remain in limbo, the Spanish-German predicting a German victory and thus quickly diminished role of France in Morocco. The armistice of 1918 is therefore a new assomante for them. Spain had not taken advantage of the conflict to expand its influence in Morocco at the expense of France too busy on European battlefields, because the latter had remained remarkably vigilance, even meticulous. For example, in the 1915-1916 period had been reached between Paris and Madrid, a series of technical conventions designed to regulate postal relations, judicial or other area to area. Something which proves that France succeeded in the heart of the conflict to deal with fussy way to its Moroccan protectorate.
France, is effective in pacifying its protectorate area, Spain stumbles (or tumbling) against a serious problem. Same fiasco, because it is defeated in July 1921 Anual, on the road by the Rif Ajdir troops of Abd el-Krim. The Spanish army of General Sylvestre had strayed from Melilla without providing enough its back, it loses some 20,000 men. General committed suicide on the battlefield. Thus began a troubled period for Spain, the Spanish feeling humiliated, preferring to call the battle disaster rather than defeat. As for Abd el-Krim, it is wreathed in glory, foreign media interest in him, and his national prestige is at its firmament. In addition, this victory Anual, he withdrew more impressive war chest from the redemption in gold prices, some 1,500 prisoners, and of course all the war material taken from the enemy.
The impact of this defeat is spectacular in Spain. Deep humiliation is felt. In April 1922, the Earl of Seville Romanoes called to an agreement between France and Morocco to better submit the country. But the call is long with no real answer. because two years later, Abd el-Krim managed to force the Spaniards in the spring of 1924, to back their line of defense to advanced Tetuan. Exactly one year later, he even tries to make their way to Fez to dethrone y "Sultan of Roumis" (as called for by some of the Moroccan population the Alawite sultan at the time). Lyautey, probably panicked request military reinforcements in the splus soon as possible. The aggravation, as fast worrisome, situation necessitates a meeting of a Franco-Spanish conference held in Madrid in June-July 1925. A military conference of General Primo de Rivera and Marshal Pétain (The Marshal Lyautey had resigned a few months before the announcement of the call to service Petain) held in Madrid in February 1926, to agree on objectives and means of enforcing a spring offensive. Suspecting these preparations, Abd el-Krim dispatch emissaries to tell his willingness to negotiate peace. Negotiations were indeed place is the conference of Oujda, but opened on 22 April it ends May 7 out of a total failure. Abdelkrim is also from failure to failure, as soon he has to face the defection of important tribe of Beni Ouriagel. Aware of his weakness, anxious to preserve life, the "Berber Vercingetorix" (say Robert Montagne [2]) is, on May 26 submission to Corap Colonel. The Rif case ends in Paris in a kind of apotheosis. General Primo de Rivera and the Sultan Moulay Youssef, came to inaugurate the Mosque of Paris (Place du Puits Hermit), attend, alongside President Doumergue, the magazine of July 14 on the Champs Elysees.
Berber Dahir became the symbol of French interference in Morocco. Decree signed May 16, 1930, it aimed to remove the Berber populations [3] Rural influence of Islamic law, to submit directly to the legislation of the French Republic. The fight he has generated very quickly against him put on the center stage of nationalist activists play a major role in the history of the coming decades. To return to the Berber Dahir, it must be said that even before its publication, a young man from Salé, Abdellatif Sbihi, related to the Pasha of the city (he had made Notarial studies in Salé and had gone to continue his studies in Paris INALCO, before returning to Morocco to work in the Residence translation service) learns early May 1930 the existence of Dahir and talk about him in Sale. Tempers flare, but it was not until May 24 and publication of the Royal Decree in the Official Gazette, in Arabic and French, that the consequences are beginning to be felt. In early June, many mosques (including Fez) swarm a sense of violent vis-à-vis this Dahir repulsion. A month later, the arrival of Shakib Arsalan in Tangier and Tetouan and his meeting with scholars of both cities contribute to the amplification of the protest movement. Movement that will not stop until 1934, at which time a new Dahir will reform, albeit slightly, that of 1930. It must be said that the "Berbers" remained under its jurisdiction until 1956 Dahir, protests n who has therefore not been successful. Moroccan nationalists begin to demand reforms and that the Protectorate Treaty is respected faithfully. So there is still no demand for independence, starting request of the French presence. The fact that the Alawites are of the general residence of the French side is of course for something, Moroccans not daring to put on and against the French occupation and against the reigning dynasty still symbolically in the country.
The influence of the Amir Shakib Arsalan since Génève on Moroccan leaders is an open secret. It is his vision of the ideal of the Arab nation that most influences Balafrej and his companions. On the other hand, the first nationalist League to assert is the CAM (Moroccan Action Committee) in 1933, carrying a "Moroccan Reforms Plan" to the French government and the Sultan in 1934, he influenced not only by Shakib Arsalan but especially by French fellow initiators of the journal Maghreb (Robert Jean Longuet, Daniel Guerin). This club that runs the league by fleshing digitally splits into two parties in 1937: the National Party for the triumph of reforms under Allal El Fassi and the Popular Movement under that of Mohamed el Ouezzani. These two formations that dominate the Moroccan political activism of the time. Allal El Fassi that of being, according to the personality of the latter (who studied at the traditional university Qarawiyyîn Fez), more directed towards Arab nationalism Egyptian trend. While the formation of Mohamed el Ouezzani, according to the personality of the latter (who studied in Paris), being more leaning towards Western modernity to the French. [5] At the same time, in July 1936, the uprising of General Franco, which finds its logistics bases in Morocco and the total support of the army of occupation, poses for the Government Blum and general residence, an embarrassing case of conscience.
These concerns are in a fatwa at the request of General Nogues Sultan Sidi Mohamed launches his people on September 6, 1936. He expresses sorrow to see infighting tear a friendly country, charged by the treaties of its influence on certain parts of his empire. He regrets that some of his subjects there are embroiled, not to defend the Spanish government against external aggression, but to serve businesses of his political opponents. For it must be said that the position taken by the government Blum seemed lead the Protectorate in a hostile policy Francoist movement. Moreover, in Rabat, the Consul General Onitveros y La Plana and most officers under his command rallied to Francoism and resign brightly. In February 1939, the Berard-Jordana agreements, the recognition of the Franco regime and stating in particular a reciprocal commitment to "make Morocco a frank and loyal cooperation policy," lead automatically, repeal of emergency dahirs and the restoration of normal relations between the two areas (French and Spanish). But six months ago, started the Second World War, with, in effect, the proclamation of the French zone under siege, exchange control of the institution, severe restrictions on the movement of people and property. Very honestly, the Sultan Sidi Mohamed speaks on Government Advisor Chérifien an approach is made to Madrid, to seek assurances that the Spanish zone can not be used "by the enemies of France, which are also ours" . Political and ideological consequences of the Second World War are very strongly felt on the Moroccan scene. The game rules are still the same: Algeciras, French Protectorate of Spanish influence. But their application conditions are profoundly altered due to balance ruptures between the respective strengths of the parties concerned. During the American landing in Morocco, Sultan Sidi Mohammed Ben Youssef, refuses to leave Rabat to Fez, violating the instructions of the Resident General. On November 9, he asks Nogues to stop fighting in order to spare unnecessary blood, before invincible forces that come into friends. True to its aspirations, the Sultan establishing itself as the representative of a people committed to the cause of the Allies.
The Moroccan-American relations
Morocco and the United States have long-standing relationships, initiated in 1786 by the ratification by the US Congress of the treaty of peace and friendship between the two countries. This historical legitimacy has gained momentum with the launch of the strategic dialogue between Morocco and the United States on October 13, 2012. Focused on geopolitics and interests of both parties, a common agenda has been traced to a new dynamic to bilateral partnership.
The launch of the strategic dialogue in October 2012 was a major turning point in relations between Morocco and the United States. The two countries have, in effect, sealed a strategic partnership covering several areas of cooperation. According to a source at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, this new cooperation framework is a strong signal to the entire region on Washington's willingness to establish partnerships with countries able to share the same vision and values for building a better future for the MENA region. It is also to develop an innovative framework for cooperation built on common interests and able to face the challenges the entire area is facing. The Moroccan-American partnership covers four areas: political dialogue, economic, commercial and financial aspects, cultural cooperation, science and technology and cooperation in the security sphere.
Politically, the two parties agree to support and encourage consultations and meetings between the two countries to harmonize and coordinate the positions on issues of common interest. Political dialogue is, in fact, to strengthen cooperation within the United Nations, its specialized agencies and other international organizations to support the peaceful settlement of disputes and conflicts. Both parties have agreed to "consult and work together to contribute to the prevention and peaceful resolution of conflicts in some parts of the African continent, to work actively to achieve a comprehensive, just and sustainable in the Middle East, based on the relevant UN resolutions, and to contribute actively to the disarmament process at the international and regional levels, including through the strengthening of non-proliferation regimes of weapons of mass destruction and related technologies. "
The economic, commercial and financial level, the two countries aim to diversify the bilateral partnership. Achieve this objective is through the implementation of joint projects of common interest and the promotion of trade by facilitating the movement of people and goods. The achievement of expected economic purposes depends on the promotion of links between banking networks, chambers of commerce and industry and professional associations and unions in both countries. It must be said that since the establishment of the Free Trade Agreement between the two countries, efforts have been made in this area, but they still fall short of aspirations. The FTA has certainly paved the way for new opportunities for trade and investment. But it has yet to implement a number of measures to balance the economic relations between the two parties and overcome the technical problems that hamper the flow of trade.
It should be recalled in this context that in the Moroccan-American conference on business development, held on December 4, 2012 in Washington, the two countries have shown their willingness to develop bilateral trade, especially in the areas of agriculture, aerospace, automotive, renewable energy and infrastructure.
A trade facilitation agreement was initialed on this occasion providing new standards of transparency and predictability in customs matters to simplify export procedures of the products of small and large companies to the markets of both countries. Other working mechanisms have been launched recently to promote the dynamics of regional economic integration, such as NAPEO (the North African Partnership for Economic Opportunities) and the "Atlantic Bridge".
Regarding cultural cooperation, scientific and technical, it relates to education, vocational training, culture, science and technology innovation. It tends to encourage meetings and bilateral contacts between universities, academies of sciences, research institutions, libraries, and organizations of the two countries operating in the fields of youth and sports, media, arts and archives. In terms of cooperation in the security sphere, it has consolidated since the granting to Morocco's strategic ally status not a member of NATO. It covers various areas: the fight against terrorism, money laundering, human trafficking and drug trafficking. This cooperation also extends to regional security partnership (Sahara and Sahel and Horn of Africa) and continental, including through crisis management and peace building. Added to this is the participation of the Kingdom two initiatives by Africom: "Partnership against Terrorism" (TSCTP) and "Operation Enduring Freedom in the Trans Sahara" (OEF-TS). Joint military exercises are organized annually, including the operation "African Lion"
Torch Operation, North Africa 1942
"Okay, okay, come on bye bye". Here's how Moroccans lived the landing of US soldiers, Morocco, in 1942. The will of Hitler to dominate Europe in the events of World War II pushed the Allied powers - Britain, France, Morocco, USSR, United States ..., to defeat Hitler armies to open several fronts.
That of North Africa marked the beginning of the defeat of the German armies.
November 8, 1942, American forces landed in Casablanca, Safi, and Fedala Mehdia; the same day, the Anglo-American troops landed in Oran and Algiers. It was "Operation Torch" - code name - or "War of the Three Days." This landing, followed 67 days later by the Conference of Anfa, would shorten the Second World War and change the face of the world. The Nazi invasion of Europe plan, which was developed at the aforementioned conference helped to turn the tide in favor of the Allies, especially in Morocco rallying to their cause, until pro-Axis forces. These events were an important step in the march towards independence from Morocco. Despite the significant risk that the Allies were running to see their plan of attack unveiled Casablancans could observe, for a week and shortly before landing, inscribed on the walls of their city painting, dated 8 nomvembre 1942 . A harbinger. The American landing in Casablanca. Leaflets dropped by US aircraft at the time of that landing reassured the public that the Americans came as liberators, not conquerors. But General Nogues, Resident General of France, faithful to Marshal Petain, decided to resist the American forces, despite the favorable position them to King Mohammed V, who had refused to withdraw to Fez, as requested by the General. After the entry into the war the United States, Allied had not yet determined where they would open a front against Germany. It was not until 24 July 1942 that the fate of the Second World War was to be played. The Staff combined Anglo-American, saw the political and strategic interest to set up a landing operation forces simultaneously in Morocco and Algeria, to establish a base from which the big attack would be launched against Hitler in Europe. Several German officers were convinced of the strategic importance of the Mediterranean, and Morocco in particular. They tried to persuade Hitler to seize Gibraltar, lock the entrance to the Mediterranean, crossing the Strait and land in Morocco, 15 km away, visible in clear weather. But Hitler gave priority to the attack against Russia. King Mohammed V understood, in October 1940, that "Who would lose the Mediterranean, would lose the war."
Route through the Maghreb
The attack convoys for Safi sectors Fedala and Mehdia departed from Norfolk. Blankets forces sailed to Casco Bay. They joined five aircraft carriers Bermuda parties to form the most fantastic naval force ever launched in the oceans. An armada DE102 buildings with a linear length of 50 km by 40 wide to cross more than 8000 km on infested ocean of German submarines, the famous U-boats.
For feint these, the route taken was made to believe that the convoy was heading to Dakar. The course was going to be handed over Morocco thereafter. When the orders reached against-the Axis submarines, it was already too late. The GI's were taking foot on the Moroccan coast. They are found no Germans, but a local army determined to defend the French Empire against any aggression. General Bethouart, commander of the Casablanca Division, had agreed to facilitate Operation Torch. Because of the mystery that surrounded that transaction, it would be informed of the place, date and time as the day before, which did not fail to be the cause of the failure of the military coup that had fomented . The rapid intervention of General Patton, from the landing, and his companions escaped the firing squad. US forces, 9,000 men and 65 tanks, landed at Mehdia to capture the air base of Port Lyautey (Kenitra). Casablanca to occupy the north and from the south, they landed 19,000 men and 65 tanks to Fedala and 6 500 men and 108 tanks in Safi. 172 were loaded on the aircraft carriers of the squadron provided air support. If Mehdia, Fedala and Safi, operations were relatively easy, however, in Casablanca, a great battle, especially naval, raged for three days. It is only when the port was in ruins, fire and cemetery of wrecks, full of dead and wounded who withdrew hour after hour, that General Nogues and Admiral Michelier did stop the fighting, just in time to avoid the bombardment of Casablanca. Indeed, the refusal Nogues and Michelier to surrender, General Patton, surrounded the city and decided to finish. Casablanca attack the next day at 7 pm 30 am. Although it was repugnant to reduce in Dar El Beida ashes, he ordered a naval and air bombardment. At midnight, his plans were drawn and his men were ready for battle. At 4 pm 30 am, his intelligence officer told him that the local army prepared to surrender.
Capitulation
General Patton refused to cancel the attack in Casablanca before the surrender becomes effective. General Nogues and Admiral Michelier therefore ordered their troops to cease fire immediately. Garrison Casablanca surrendered and agreed to confine its troops to barracks. Only the Jean Bart, powerful battleship 35 000 tonnes, still wanted by the Americans. He continued to drop his lined with 380 mm, repeated every half hour, which was made to say against Admiral Mac Whorter: "Let me shut this monster." American airmen actually made him mute. The end of hostilities was greeted with joy the Casablanca events. The Americans were not the enemy for three days. General Patton had his headquarters at Roches Noires, he then moved to the premises of Shell, and apartments at the Hotel Majestic. Camps were set up by the army in several places in the city, especially at the current location of the light Fontaine. Prefabricated houses to house the offices and homes of senior officers were installed in Ouled Haddou, current California Casablanca, because of its climate which was compared to that of California.
The architect of Operation Torch, Robert Murphy, has been the only civilian in all of American history to serve in the General Staff of a warlord in the theater of operations, with access to all military information. He was involved in the Marshall generals, Eisenhower, Patton, MacArthur Clark and Bradley.
General De Gaulle, who should in no case be made aware of the landing of 8 November, saw that the first name of Robert, contained in the famous message of the BBC, repeated countless times since 2nd of the month was that of Murphy. The announcer of the BBC, repeated: "Hello Robert Franklin arrives."
Robert Murphy was present at the Conference of Anfa and dinner hosted by President Roosevelt in honor of the late King Mohammed V. He was also present during the meeting the President had with the King, in the presence of His Highness Royal Prince Moulay Hassan, the current King of Morocco, and British Prime Minister Churchill.
The architect of Operation Torch, Robert Murphy, has been the only civilian in all of American history to serve in the General Staff of a warlord in the theater of operations, with access to all military information. He was involved in the Marshall generals, Eisenhower, Patton, MacArthur Clark and Bradley.
General De Gaulle, who should in no case be made aware of the landing of 8 November, saw that the first name of Robert, contained in the famous message of the BBC, repeated countless times since 2nd of the month was that of Murphy. The announcer of the BBC, repeated: "Hello Robert Franklin arrives."
Robert Murphy was present at the Conference of Anfa and dinner hosted by President Roosevelt in honor of the late King Mohammed V. He was also present during the meeting the President had with the King, in the presence of His Highness Royal Prince Moulay Hassan, the current King of Morocco, and British Prime Minister Churchill.
The American invasion of Morocco 1942
At the dawn of November 8, 1942, the Casablanca population is awakened by the roar of the sirens of the city, followed by a violent cannonade. The war, in its most brutal reality and its most cruel dimension, then arrives at the gates of Casablanca. The US Navy bombing, in fact, the French navy, moored in the harbor, which has received the order from the Vichy government to resist the American landing in Morocco. The shelling is intense, sometimes bombs miss their target and explode in neighborhoods around the port (including the old medina) and even beyond, making the first civilian victims of Operation Torch. During the three days that last battle of Casablanca, civilians, distressed by the turn of events, indeed lurk in their homes. The city loses its legendary agitation and feverish atmosphere. Casablanca however, avoids the worst, since the massive bombardment of the city, scheduled on November 11 by the Americans, was finally canceled after the announcement of the cease-fire ordered by the Resident General. Casablanca's population still has dozens of dead and wounded. A few weeks later, on the night of December 30 to 31, 1942, another bomb hit the city. It is this time a German air raid, led by eighteen aircraft from Toulouse, which aims at the port infrastructures, where fuel and American material accumulate. Hampered by US air defenses, the devices actually launch their bombs indiscriminately, affecting residential areas. And four bombs fall on the new medina, making 110 victims. This air raid on Casablanca is the only lead the Germans during the war. It is true that it costs them a lot for poor results, since during the return they lose 2/3 of their bombers, largely because of a lack of fuel!
Americanization of CASABLANCA
After the American landing, population observes impressed, deployment force of the US Army in the various ports of the Kingdom, and against which the French power pales! A young French soldier Raymond Lescastreyres wrote at the time: "We are in awe of their equipment (...) what surprises us most is the sophistication of the equipment they are fitted. In comparison, ours is light years behind. »
For many months, then Casablanca offers an amazing face: tens of thousands of tons of material is temporarily stored in the city, before being transferred to the front of Tunisia (November 1942-May 1943) and to military camps where are equipped with new French units under Anfa agreements. Casablanca is transformed into real military warehouse in heaven opened its docks, just outside the harbor and even on its vast square Administrative (present Place Mohammed V), which hosts an assembly line for war vehicles!
The streets of coastal towns teeming with American uniforms. In cafés, in cinemas, in every public place, impossible not to notice these GI's colorful. And some fun sometimes down the streets of Casablanca ... A horse and gallop! Many people, young and adults, who discover or rediscover the chewing gum, chocolate bars, Coca Cola, American cigarettes. Small shops specialize in products inventory of the US military. Abraham Serfaty specify "the US presence in Morocco also brought me access to the vast literature of this country. In the stands, I was at rock bottom prices paperbacks sold by US soldiers and discovered and Hemingway, Steinbeck and many others. "
Meanwhile, new cultural ideals are spreading, as Americanization, which is reflected in the lifestyles and architecture of bourgeois dwelling. This is also the time when Hollywood is interested in Casablanca and made a film of the same name starring Humphrey Bogart and Ingrid Bergman!
The American influence in Morocco so inspired songwriter Lhoussine Slaoui, which composes a popular tune "Beautiful guy with blue eyes," whose lyrics are very significant, "Oh! Oh! How times have changed! The Americans came, people have become more assertive and women themselves comfortable (...) Even the old put veils and chew gum. The wives took pretext to leave their homes. The beautiful blue-eyed guy arrived with lots of gifts (...) They distribute candy, cigars and even dollars (...) Even the little girls learned the American. You hear nothing but OK, OK, Come On, Bye Bye! »
QUESTION OF THE INDEPENDENCE OF MOROCCO
The new global context resulting from the war fosters demand for independence within the Moroccan society and especially nationalists, hitherto subdued in claiming that no reforms within the Protectorate since the mid-1930s. Indeed, the defeat of France in 1940 and the divisions between French after this event shook the myth of the invulnerability of the occupying power. The American landing in Morocco made it even more sensitive weakening of France. To this are added the public echoes the interview Anfa start of 1943 between the Sultan Sidi Mohammed ben Youssef and US President Roosevelt and the leakage of these interviews, suggesting that many things are going become possible that were not before ...Relying, inter alia, the loyal attitude of the Sultan and the sacrifices of his people to support the war in France, Moroccan nationalist parties end up rejecting the principle of the reforms in the Protectorate and claim the Morocco's independence. The Manifesto of the nationalist Istiqlal Party, published on 11 January 1944, and says the principle of recognition of independence as a precondition for any agreement with France. Its success is such that it concerned the administration of the Protectorate. It is not yet ready to hear these claims and awkwardly responds with repression: demonstrations dispersed by force, arrests and convictions of the signatories. Street roars of loud noise will continue therefore to amplify ... Encouraged by this, by external factors, at the end of the war, such as the United Nations Charter, which proclaims the right of peoples to self-determination and the establishment of the Arab League in Egypt, which encourages the movement of emancipation of the Arab peoples. Therefore, the question of the independence of Morocco will gradually permeate the lives of all the inhabitants of the country.
THE END OF THE WAR
For now, the Allied victory on May 8, 1945, is seen as a relief for the whole population in Morocco: Although dietary restrictions remain, the anguish of bereavement in thousands of Moroccan and French families finally disappears . In the days and weeks that follow, French and Moroccans reserve a triumphant welcome to the soldiers of the Army of Africa, parents, children or friends, Moroccan and French brothers in arms, who fought side by side for the liberation of Europe. Fleeting moments of sincere communion between two people, who are generally united remained in the race, beyond the continuing tensions. On 15 May 1945, at a reception given by the Sultan Sidi Mohammed ben Youssef, General Resident, Puaux makes a fitting tribute "to the Moroccan people who, animated by his endurance and discipline skills, was able to meet the call is its sovereign (...) to help the Allies of its resources and the value of his children. "The Second World War has resulted in a surge of the Moroccan people gave support to the cause of France and the Allies, whose daily was strongly marked. Elan full of hope back to ...
